Compaction Factor Test – Workability of Concrete Compaction Factor Test is designed in such a way that it can be used only in laboratory but in some cases, it can be used for field concrete tests. The compacting factor test has been developed at the Road Research Laboratory in United Kingdom. This test is one […]

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Retaining Walls – Types, Design, Stability Retaining walls may be defined as a wall built to resist the pressure of liquid, earth filling, sand, or other granular material filled behind it after it is built. It is commonly required in the construction of hill roads, masonry dams, abutments and wings walls of bridges and so […]

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Concrete Curing – Methods – Curing of Concrete What is Curing: It may be defined as the operation of keeping a freshly placed concrete moist during a specified period after its finishing to ensure complete hydration of cement particles or other cementing material for obtaining a properly hardened concrete. The concrete starts attaining its strength […]

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Hand Mixing Of Concrete The process of mixing the various ingredients of concrete by manual labour, is called hand mixing of concrete. Hand mixing of concrete may be resorted to at small projects which require limited quantity of concrete. Now-a-days machine mixing of concrete is almost done and only in exceptional cases, mixing concrete by hand […]

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Chemical Classification of Rocks The Chemical Classification of Rocks are, (a) Siliceous rocks : These rocks have silica (and, quartz and flint) as their principal constituent and are very hard and durable, unaffected by weathering. Chief types of siliceous rocks are Granites, Traps, Quartzite and Sandstones. (b) Calcareous rocks : Calcium carbonate or lime is […]

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WaterProofing Concrete, Walls and Floors A badly made concrete cannot be made waterproofing, to the penetration of water by any admixtures. The first requisite for waterproofing concrete, is to obtain a dense concrete with well-proportioned non-porous aggregates, and with low water/cement ratio (0.54 or less) so as to have a minimum of air voids. Normally […]

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Civil Engineering Terms and Definitions Some of the basic Civil Engineering Terms and Definitions are listed below, Arcade : A series of arches with their supporting columns or piers. Arris : The meeting of two surfaces producing an external angle. Base: Base is immediately above plinth. A building having no plinth, immediately above footings. Basement […]

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Damp Proof Course One of the following specifications may be adopted for a damp proof course, according to the type of the construction and the nature of the ground: (j) Two courses of dense bricks in 1. : 3 cement mortar. Bricks should have a water absorption of not more than 4.5 per cent. It […]

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Test for Stones Some of the simple test for stones are listed below, (a) Crushing test for stones: The crushing strength of a stone greatly depends upon its texture and specific gravity. A stone of even texture arid of specific gravity greater than 2.7 can take heavy loads. Safe compressive loads on stones should be […]

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Grading of Aggregates Grading of Aggregates�is one which is made up of stones of different sizes, ranging from large to small (inclusive of sand) so as to have minimum of air voids (and that will have maximum density) when mixed together. In grading of aggregates, the voids in the mixed aggregate would be minimum when […]

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