The type of concrete and the proportion of the ingredients used in its making depend upon the nature of the structure, quality of the materials used and the site conditions. Since lime is fairly cheap, lime concrete is generally used for foundations in dry sub-grade. Lime concret...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
To avoid sloping foundation bed or excessive depth of excavation at the top end, stepped foundation is necessary to be provided in a considerably sloping ground. This is achieved by cutting the portion of the foundation trench in steps. The steps should not preferably be more tha...
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Pier foundations are adopted when buildings are subjected to heavy loads, and have to be located either in a soft or sandy soil which is overlying above a hard rock at certain depth. The pier foundations are used to transmit the heavy loads that are imposed on buildings to the ha...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
A raft or mat foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all the columns available. When the allowable soil pressure is low or the structure loads are heavy, the use of spread footings would cover more than half of the building a...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
A combined footing is so proportioned that the centre of gravity of the supporting area is in line with the centre of gravity of the two column loads. A combined footing may be rectangular or trapezodial in shape. Rectangular shape is only possible where loading condition is su...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
Grillage Foundations Grillage foundations are adopted in cases, when the load from structural members like cloumns and piers are heavy. The grillage foundation is lighter and it proves to be more economical. It prevents the deep excavation of soil and provides adequate area at th...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
In case of spread footings, the base of the member transfering the load to the soil is made wider so as to distribute the load over wide and larger area. The various spread footings described under this classification are (1) Wall footings (2) Reinforced concrete footings (3...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
Improving Bearing Capacity of Soils Some of the common methods that are generally adopted to improve the bearing capacity of soils are, (1). Increasing the depth of the footing is the most common and simplest method of improving the bearing capacity of soils, This method is not e...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations
Penetration Test Method The equipment used for this penetration test is a standard split spoon sampler, a cone or any other specially shaped tool. The penetration test consists of measuring the resistance offered by the soil to the penetration of the tool used for test under dyna...
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Plate Load Test Plate Load Test is a field test for determining the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and the maximum settlement under an applied load. The plate load test basically consists of loading a steel plate placed at the foundation level and recording the settlements cor...
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Tagged As: Footings, Foundations